Tanzania: History and Today's Issues

With the announcement of my professor's trip to Tanzania, my interest was piqued.  Where, what, how and why is this eastern African country a destination of interest?

The location of Tanzania is on the East African coast, fronting the Indian Ocean and lying virtuality at the equator; sporting a tropical climate.  Described as hot and humid, after the winter I just had, it sounds like heaven.  

Tanzania is home to the tallest mountain on the African continent, Mount Kilimanjaro, which at 19,341 feet, makes it also the tallest free standing mountain in the world.  Kilimanjaro is formed by volcanoes, Kibo being the only one of the three cones (Marenzi and Shira being the two extinct cones), of this stratovolcano, that is considered dormant.  Last eruption is estimated at between 150- 200,000 years ago and could erupt at any time.  The glacier, made of 11,000 year old ice, that completely covered the top of Kibo in the 1880s, has been reduced by 80% and is expected to be ice free sometime between 2022 and 2033.  

Tanzania was formed in 1964 by combining the former countries of Zanzibar and Tanganyika.  Semi-autonomous Zanzibar, a predominantly Muslim Arab two-island country and Tanganyika, a predominantly Bantu-inhabited country and prior to World War I, part of German East Africa.  Swahili and English are the official languages with English losing ground; German has entirely disappeared. 
 

Dar-es-Salaam, the largest city, pop. 2.6 million

Tanzania has quite a diversity of nature from the more temperate highland regions, to the plains and coast.  Part of Lake Victoria resides in Tanzania and the Serengeti National Park is just one of several important wildlife parks including Gombe National Park, site of Dr. Jane Goodall's work with chimpanzees.  

Historically speaking, Tanzania is of great importance to the history of man.  Evidence exists of humans and pre-humans living there over 2 million years ago, making it one of the earliest known inhabited areas on the face of the earth.  Haya people were making carbon steel 2,000 years ago, several centuries before it caught on in Europe, and the Para tribe of the Haya also produced iron.  

Tanzania has a great many natural resources including a gemstone, Tanzanite, found only in Tanzania and in 2012, a major deposit of rare earths was discovered in the collapsed volcano, Mount Ngualla.  Although Tanzania is the third largest gold exporter in Africa, agriculture counts for over half of the gross domestic product and employs 75% of the workforce on only 4% of the land in the country.   

The history of country shows diverse influence from the Sultan of Oman period with Zanzibar the center of the Arab slave trade to the Bantu tribes that moved to the area 2000 years ago to the European, Christian influence of the 17th century.  Surprisingly, the country is predominately Christian with over 63% of the population.  The Muslim inhabitants make up 35% and the remainder, various indigenous religions.  

Present day issues for Tanzania are varied in both economic and private sectors.  Agriculture and tourism represent the greatest income for the country.  Just today there is a report of world renowned author, Calestous Juma, speaking to East Africans on the use of genetically modified seeds to boost production of Tanzanian cotton, a major export crop for the country.  There are 15 villages the Kagera region that are in dire need of food now that the banana wilt bacteria has ruined 90% of this staple crop.  The mineral production is set to increase, especially with the valuable rare earth discovery.  

Cotton field at SM Holdings

As in the rest of Africa, health issues are paramount to life.  Almost half of the Tanzanian population is under the age of 15 and the culprits in most infant deaths is malaria or the rotovirus and pneumococal disease in the older children.  The average lifespan is 53 years and although HIV/Aids is a significant disease at 5.6% of the adult population, as of 2011 there has been a decrease.  One of the most prevalent problems is gender violence and this is being blamed on the early marriages practiced in Tanzania.  Here too one can find the practice of female genital mutilation but there is a concerted effort to vanquish the practice. Tanzania also has a problem with trafficking of children into commercial sexual exploitation.

The country of Tanzania has much to offer a visitor from culture to ancient history and archaeology to the geographic wonders and the wild inhabitants.  Things are looking up in the country of Tanzania and I hope they are wildly successful on their path of improvement. 

Does Reverse Apartheid Exist in South Africa?

In 1994, the South African president, F. W. deKlerk, in conjunction with revolutionary, Nelson Mandella, instituted reforms of the apartheid system that had been in place for over 50 years, for which they received the Nobel Peace prize, and began re-enfranchising the black majority in South Africa.  The end of apartheid is hailed as a very good thing but the fall out of this democratic movement has apparently swung quite the other way since that time.  

 

10 years after the end of apartheid, you read evidence in the existence of reverse apartheid.  Reverse apartheid is exactly what it sounds like, discrimination of the white population of black controlled South Africa and it's ANC controlling party.  If you are white, it no longer matters that you have a degree or experience, you are not allowed a job due to the rules of affirmative action which states that 80% of the jobs MUST be held by black South Africans.  Many white South Africans leave the country for good just so they can get a job and raise their families but this also causes a problem for the country in the form of a "brain drain".  

It may have been prudent for South Africa to phase in to the affirmative action.  What they have now is an uneducated majority attempting to run the country without the benefit of education and experience.  Reports from my friend's son who still lives in South Africa demonstrate increasing vocalization and urban violence by black citizens against white citizens.  I think South Africans should have learned more from Nelson Mandela.     

Various discriminatory allegations have arisen over the years and despite the new democratic government, corruption, crime and human rights violations still abound.  Crimes against white South Africans are at a frightful high but human rights violations are perpetrated against all colors of primarily women.  The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is unsurpassed on a global scale.   

Whites now live in shanty towns like the multiple gold winning, 15 year old runner, Irene van Niekerk, who you can watch in an interview here.  I suspect that all is not what it seems and maybe someone is trying to make some money on Irene's situation.

Since the end of apartheid, there have been increasingly violent attacks and murders on the predominantly white farmers of South Africa.  The government no longer keeps statistics on the crimes against the farmers but independent research groups say the number of murdered farmers in the last 23 years is nearly 3,000.  In 2011 the murder rate for South Africa was 31.9 per 100,000 people, 30 times that of the British murder rate.  In South Africa the murder rate for policemen is 51 per 100,000 but the statement that it is twice as dangerous to be a farmer as it is to be a policeman is accurate when you look at the farmer murder rate of 99 per 100,000 people.  Statements by victims say that the new government looks the other way  when killers "take out their hatred for all those past wrongs, and show who's in control now".

Looking at the overall violence in South Africa and it's causes, from Wikipedia we read:

In February 2007, the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation was contracted by the South African government to carry out a study on the nature of crime in South Africa. The study concluded that the country is exposed to high levels of violence as a result of different factors, including:^[3]

• The normalisation of violence. Violence comes to be seen as a necessary and justified means of resolving conflict, and males believe that coercive sexual behaviour against women is legitimate.^[3]
• The reliance on a criminal justice system that is mired in many issues, including inefficiency and corruption.^[3]
• A subculture of violence and criminality, ranging from individual criminals who rape or rob to informal groups or more formalised gangs. Those involved in the subculture are engaged in criminal careers and commonly use firearms, with the exception of Cape Town where knife violence is more prevalent. Credibility within this subculture is related to the readiness to resort to extreme violence.^[3]
• The vulnerability of young people linked to inadequate child rearing and poor youth socialisation. As a result of poverty, unstable living arrangements and being brought up with inconsistent and uncaring parenting, some South African children are exposed to risk factors which enhance the chances that they will become involved in criminality and violence.^[3]
• The high levels of inequality, poverty, unemployment, social exclusion and marginalisation.^[3]

    One can extrapolate that the current violence has come about on the backs of the fight to end apartheid.  Hopefully South Africa can rid themselves of the corruption in the government and embrace a truly democratic state, free of racism and violence, for the good of their beautiful country. 

Namibia's Exile Children

I have a friend by the name of Kim who was born in South Africa but has lived with her husband and family in Namibia for a very long time.  On March 21st she posted Happy 23rd Independence day Namibia with the following photo.  

It was her post that piqued my interest in the relatively new country of Namibia.  In researching their independence from South Africa, I discovered what a recent and violent history the young country has had.  Additionally the biggest problem now is the repatriation of the children of the freedom fighters commonly called "Exile Children" because they were born in exile camps outside of the former South West Africa.  

Rachel Valentina Nghiwete's autobiography, "The Exile Child" talks about the harsh life she and thousands of other children were born into, being the offspring of Namibian freedom fighters known as SWAPO (South West Africa's Peoples Organization) fighting under the banner of PLAN (People's Liberation Army of Namibia).  

  
  The issue now is the future of these children, many of which are orphans who were uprooted from the exile location and plopped down in Namibia, without their parents, in the name of repatriation.  800 of them are camped illegally in the capital of Windhoek, demanding help for food, housing and jobs.  Some of these children are quite young and I cannot imagine what they are going through, trying to survive and grow up.  Government assistance is mandatory for these kids that had no choice in their lives.

Sadly the most recent news reports has the children arrested for their demonstrations and demands. 4/16/13

   And once again 4/24/2013!

The exile children or "struggle kids" as the government refers to them, have been fighting for jobs and housing since 2008.  The group NEKA (Namibia Exile Kids Association) has done little to end the plight of these children.  Hopefully the continued demonstrations will bring about a resolution. 

Ugandan Crisis: The Prohibition of the Mini Skirt

Simon Lokodo and mini skirt spoof from Dutch Ugandan radio

Before you scoff at what seems to be a traditionally female past time of fashion debate, please take some time to read about the newest bill under discussion in the Ugandan parliament.  Called the Anti-Pornography bill, it contains provisions that women wearing skirt lengths above the knee are to be arrested and can spend 10 years in jail.  One of the most outrageous statements made by Ethics Minister, Simon Lokodo, a trained catholic priest, who in criticizing the wearing of mini skirts, says "they are to blame for, among other things, the increased sexual crimes against women".  Really?  One would think the that patriarchal and dictatorial past governments back to the colonial period  were not responsible for the atrocious abuses of women!  Their own fault?  Such insanity.

Back in the Idi Amin days, Amin decreed that mini skirts were prohibited and women found wearing them were caned, publicly humiliated and ended up in jail.  This is the same warm and fuzzy Amin who while the third president of Uganda, was known for human rights abuse, political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings, nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement.  The same Amin whose fifth wife, "Suicide Sarah", was a go-go dancer for Amin's Ugandan Army Revolutionary Suicide Mechanised Regiment Band.  Not my idea of a man capable of even imagining prim and proper. 

One intervew, with a teacher Albert, was most enlightening.  His lovely and bodeaucious fiance is required to wear the mini skirt and revealing clothes as a quasi uniform for her job at the bank.  Albert laments the attention this brings to his fiancee but he cannot say anything, lest she lose her job.  Needless to say, Albert supports the new bill.  What I can't help but wonder, what part of the bill is going to change this bank's dress requirement?  I would be willing to bet the bank leaders are all men and the use of provactively clothed females to sell wares is as old as time. 

Is this not going too far?  The Anti-Pornography bill, coming on the heels of the Anti-Homosexuality bill, is being criticized for it's far reaching verbiage into Ugandan private lives.  In this day and age, many of the teeth of the bill are much needed but like we see in this country, politicians have a tendency to attach pet projects to a needed change in law, thereby further tromping on good citizens rights.  The analysis of this bill demonstrates the need for reforms, it is just not wise or fair to penalize one sex, especially since they are normally the victim of pornographic trade. 

The op-ed piece published by the Kampala Observer may have the right of it, "indeed with all the poverty, unemployment, corruption and poor healthcare, it is ridiculous to expend public resources debating how long or short women's skirts must be. In fact, coming not long after the Anti-Homosexuality Bill, this bill shows a government that is obsessed with controlling people's private lives, which is ironical.  For a government that can't provide lunch for pupils in its schools, or decent and affordable maternal healthcare for the poor in its hospitals, to take keen interest in what citizens wear or who they sleep with and how, is a sign of lopsided priorities." 

Indeed, this author cannot help but agree...................

What I find reprehensible threaded through these articles and so many more around the continent is the idea that a woman's mode of dress is thought to license male's thoughts and deeds.  In Swaziland, where they banned mini skirts and midrif baring tops in December but still allow bare breasted women to dance for the king, they believe "women wearing revealing clothing were responsible for assaults or rapes committed against them." Where, may I ask you, does it say that permission is granted to abuse the wearer in any fashion one wants?  Until this stupidity and absurdity are removed from society and the minds of the people in Africa grow respect for one another, they will continue to have this entirely preventable problem.

New Zimbabwe Diamond Find and Abuse

In this article from 11 March, we see the exploitation of Africa by China in the form of diamonds discovered in Bitka, near the Manicaland Province.  Diamonds discovered last year are currently the subject of government sealing in hopes to avoid a brutal free-for-all as happened in Chiadzwe.  

 
China and some Zimbabwe interests filed for permission to mine this area but not before they started digging, putting the cart before the horse and were already digging.  The Zimbawae government has stepped in to assess the situation and I hope, for the sake of this country, that they do not allow Chinese abuse of their natural resources.  Four Chinese men were facing deportation for killing tortoises, a protected species.  In this area of poor Africa, the Chinese do not need to be, in my honest opinion.  China and all other foreign countries must cease their abuse of Africa!

Kimberlite Pit Mine

Kimberlite, named for the town of Kimberly, South Africa, is the process by which diamonds and other material rise to the surface of the earth on the back of magma from deep in the earth's crust. Kimberlite pipes are actually a natural occurrence, not man-made pipes that come to mind when first reading. This only happens in portions of the globe where very ancient rock, called cratons, exist.  The magma forms nearly 100 miles below the surface of the earth, much deeper than traditional volcano magma originates.  The African continent is very ancient, not moving appreciably since the Pangea landmass was on this earth.  There are three major and several more minor cratons on the African continent which explains the diamond richness of their natural resources.    

The Age Old Problem of Human Trafficking

On Friday February 8, I had written a very large blog about this issue as well as some of the history about the African country of Chad.  Something happened and I lost the whole thing.  Needless to say I shed a few tears for the 5 hours of work.  This is my attempt at reconstruction and I am also adding developments in the lead story that have come up after I lost the original story.  So many things happening today have their basis in history.  Maybe a higher power was telling me the story wasn't complete?  :~D

People in Abeche, Chad-Photo from seratonin/virtualtourist

Modern day, human trafficking....

I stumbled upon the the 2 Feb 2013 story about the French court's denial of Chad's request for kidnap compensation.  Delving in to the story I was filled with anger at the French abuse of Chad.  A French NGO (non-govermental organization) had abused it's powers.  They basically kidnapped 103 children, hiding under a story that made people believe that they were doing a kindness, when they tried to take them out of Chad and sell them to adoptive parents in France and Belgium.  The NGO, Arche de Zoe (Zoe's Ark), told people that these children were orphan's from the the Darfur conflict going on south of Chad in the African country of Sudan.  They were in fact Chadian children with at least one living parent.  All the children were under 10yrs old with a majority of them between 3 and 5 years of age.  In October 2007, when attempting to board a plane to Paris, 9 members of the NGO as well as 3 French journalists were arrested in the western Chad city of Abeche.  The children were put in an orphanage and attempts to locate their families began, especially difficult with their ages and lack of documentation. 

In December of 2007, 6 Zoe's Ark members were found guilty of kidnapping, sentenced to 8 years of hard labor in a Chadian prison and ordered to pay $87,000USD to each of the 103 children involved in the scheme.  These 6 included CEO Eric Breteau and Philip van Winkelberg, physician attached to the project.  Following pleas by French president Nicolas Sarkozy, in January 2008,  the 6 were sentenced in French court to 8 years, in the process of getting the group back to France.  By April 2008 we find the 6, now in France, pardoned by Idriss Deby, president of Chad.  The same Idress Deby who was the right hand man of dethroned Chadian president, Hissene Habre, overthrown and now indicted dictator responsible for the deaths of 40,000 Chadians through torture and genocide.   These same 6 Zoe's Ark members were freed in France and paid nothing for their crimes.  Shortly after their pardon, Breteau was found being quoted in Frankfurt Germany "that the French government of Nicolas Sarkozy, knew of the plans and gave their blessings."  What is the tie between France and Chad?  Chad was a conquered colony of France until it became and independent country in 1960, the start of a bloody history.

Meanwhile, in March 2008, the Chadian children were returned from the orphanage in Abeche.  97 of the 103 children were Chadian and were not orphans.  The 6 remaining children were from Darfur and the orphanage at Abeche was going to take care of them and hope to find their families.  

Fast forward to December of 2012, you will find in Paris, these six indicted once again but with a difference, Eric Breteau and his girlfriend, Emilie Lalouche declined to return to France from South Africa where they were living.  During this trial period, a civil lawsuit was filed by 20 of the potential adopting families attempting to recoup some of the money they lost when they paid Zoe's Ark between £2,000($3100USD) and £4,200($6500USD) for each child.  On Tuesday the 12th of February, Breteau and Lalouche entered the Paris courtroom from their holdout in South Africa, to hear the verdict on the case they couldn't be bothered to participate in.  They were promptly arrested.  The other four were given suspended sentences and the corporation was fined €100,000 ($133,500USD) after which it was dissolved.

So let me get this straight....

• Zoe's Ark members tried smuggling kids from Chad to adoptive parents in France who had paid them $3,100-6,500 each.  Total:  Est $494,000USD
• Zoe's Ark members sentenced to 8 years by Chad and ordered to pay the victims $87,000USD each.  Total: $8,961,000USD.
• Zoe's Ark convicts were sent to France on Sarkozy's orders, they dodged hard labor and within months of their conviction, were pardoned by the president of Chad, not having to pay the nearly $9million to the victims of their scheme.  
• The government of Chad sued to recoup the the $8.9million that was supposed to go to the victims of this crime.  They were denied by French courts.
• Twenty of the prospective adoptive parents sued to recoup their losses, they were unsuccessful, again the French courts kept these criminals from paying.
• 4 of the 6 Zoe's Ark members again stood trial in 2012, with the verdict being made in February 2013.  In that verdict the 4 received suspended sentences and Zoe's Ark was fined a measly $100,000USD.  The two "vacationing" members, Breteau and Lalouche have now been arrested.  I suspect they will once again dodge any financial responsibility for the assault on the children of Chad. 

It seems to me that the government in France cares little about their former colony of Chad.  They think it is alright for French citizens to abuse the citizens of Chad with impunity.  French president Sarkozy, in a speech given in 2007, clearly indicates his patronizing and racist attitude towards Chad.  I think this entire situation is shameful and France should reimburse the families of the kidnapped Chadian children for their nightmare.  
For more insight in to the situation in Chad, read Steve Davis' blog, Africa in Turmoil.

Stolen African Artifacts Return Home

In the most recent repatriation of African culture, France has returned 5 Nok Terracotta statuettes to Nigeria.  Found by French customs officials in the luggage of a traveler in Paris, 2010, they were deemed stolen, seized and studied by several French museums.  My question has to be; "why did it take France 3 years to return these precious artifacts and where did the unknown traveler steal them from?"

 Conducting a brief research of Nok terracotta, one is introduced to the ancient world of West Africa.  The village of Nok, in north central Nigeria, opened up her previously secreted artifacts beginning in 1928 courtesy of the mining operation of Col. J. Dent Young, Englishman.  The terracotta artifacts that were discovered at Nok and surrounding areas in Central Nigeria are over 3,000 years old.  These artifacts are considered the very earliest on the African continent.  The Nok people of 3 millenia ago did not disappear after the Iron Age as some maintain, but are indeed still found in the dusty little village of Nok. 

 

The Nok Culture of the Ham Nation

Location of Nok Village

Visit Nok Village, copyright Nigeria-direct.com

 The Nok are members of the Ham tribe who are led by a hereditary monarch.  The Ham language is struggling not to die out as the nation added the Hausa language spoken in northern Nigeria to the Ham language.

Tuk-Ham Dancers of Central Nigeria

Bangwa Queen, the most valuable African artifact known to man.

 The ancient artifacts of Africa have been stolen and removed from the continent for hundreds of years.  According the writer and documentary filmmaker, Juliet Torome in her article, "African's Stolen History", Africans do not seem to have the pride in their culture as other cultures do and this has allowed the expatriation of cultural artifacts to go unchecked until recent years.  Thankfully there is a growing movement to reclaim Africa's  cultural heritage, I sincerely wish them best of luck!

  

Super Continent Africa

From the opening page of one of my three textbooks, I have already discovered facts that I did not know about the African continent.  From the time of the supercontinent Pangea, the African continent has basically stayed in one place and all the other continents were the ones to move, over a time period of 225 million years.  Take a look at the changes here for a larger view.

Can you see mama continent Africa in the super continent Pangea?   

The reason for the stationary history of Africa is three stable rock cores that thrust up when the earth first started cooling, called cratons, which anchored early Africa where she started.  These cratons are located in the present day in Western Africa, the Congo and Southern Africa.  (see photo)  

 

The cratons are made of ancient rock that have had enormous heat and pressure applied to them before being thrust up.  When reading that fact I wondered if the cratons and the diamonds of Africa were in the same place.  Imagine my delight in being right!  

The blue dots represent current diamond mining locations.

Diamonds are big business in Africa and have been mined since the first "pretty pebble" was found in South Africa circa 1867.  For many poor African countries, the mining and sale of diamonds is their only source of national income.  Sadly, many countries have produced "blood diamonds", so named because their sale finances armed conflict.  In an effort to stop blood diamonds, in May 2000, a certification process was adopted by a group of African countries meeting in Kimberly, South Africa and called "the Kimberly Process".  According to the UN and World Diamond Congress, this process has failed to make a dent in the sale of blood diamonds.  

The fact that Africa's rich natural resources have a background in the formation of the continent is indisputable.  What one wonders when studying Africa is if it can be made better for the lives of her population.  

Until next time................

Welcome to my Blog!  I have set up this blog for use in my African Cultures class and it is a new venture for me.  Please feel free to comment or criticize my postings, I love to hear people's opinions.
See you around the blog stop!
Karen